trachea(anatomy)

                                             

                                          Trachea 

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is the large tube that delivers air from the upper respiratory tract (the nasal passages, throat, and larynx) to the bronchi(the two large airways that branch off into each lung). In the process, it warms and moisturizes the air and catches debris and microbes before they enter the lungs.
 
   size and shape:
                            The trachea (in adult)is roughly 10-15cm long and 3 centemeter in diameter. It starts just under the larynx (voice box) and runs down the center of the chest behind the sternum  and in front of the esophagus.
The trachea is connected to the larynx via a ring of cartilage known as the cricoid cartilage. As the trachea descends the chest, it is surrounded by 16 to 22 U-shaped rings of cartilage that hold the windpipe open like scaffolding, allowing the flow of air.The trachea ends at the carina, a ridge of cartilage that separates and forms the junction into the bronchi.



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mermrane composition
                             The trachea is lined with a moist mucous membrane layer composed  of  cells  containing small hair like  projections called cilia. The cilia project into the channel (lumen) of the trachea to trap particles. There are also cells and  ducts in the   mucous  membrane that  secrete mucus droplets and water molecules. At the base of the mucous membrane there is a complex network of tissue composed of elastic and collagen fiber that aid in the expansion, contraction, and stability of the tracheal walls. Also in this layer there are numerous blood and lymphatic vessel the blood vessel control cellular maintenance and heat exchange, while the lymphatic vessels remove the foreign particles collected by the wall’s surface. Around the tracheal wall there is a series of 16 to 20horsesho shaped cartilage rings. They encircle the front part of the trachea but are open where the trachea lies next to the esophagus. Here the free ends of the cartilage are connected by muscle bands. Since the cartilage is in individual rings, rather than one continuous sheath, the trachea can stretch and descend with the breathing movements. The cartilage bands are replaced with fibrous scar tissue in advanced age.





Blood,vein and nerve supply:


The upper part of trachea receives and drains blood through the inferior thyroid arteries  and vein .the lower trachea receives blood from bronchial arteries. Arteries that supply the trachea do so via small branches that supply the trachea from the sides. As  the branches approach the wall of the trachea, they split into inferior and superior branches which join with the branches of the arteries above and below; these then split into branches that supply the anterior and posterior parts of the trachea. The inferior thyroid arteries arise just below the isthmus of the thyroid, which sits atop the trachea. These arteries join with ascending branches of the bronchail arteries which are direct branches from the aorta to supply blood to the trachea. The lymphatic vesselof the trachea drain into the pretracheal  nodes  that lie in front of the trachea, and paratracheal lymph nodes that lie beside it.



Trachea Conditions(applied anatomy)

  • Tracheal stenosis: Inflammation in the trachea can lead to scarring and narrowing of the windpipe. Surgery or endoscopy may be needed to correct the narrowing (stenosis), if severe.
  • tracheoesophageal  fistula: An abnormal channel forms to connect the trachea and the esophagus. Passage of swallowed food from the esophagus into the trachea causes serious lung problems.
  • Tracheal foreign body: An object is inhaled (aspirated) and lodges in the trachea or one of its branches. A procedure called bronchoscopy is usually needed to remove a foreign body from the trachea.
  • Tracheal cancer: Cancer of the trachea is quite rare. Symptoms can include coughing or difficulty breathing.
  • Tracheomalacia: The trachea is soft and floppy rather than rigid, usually due to a birth defect. In adults, tracheomalacia is generally caused by injury or by smoking.
  • Tracheal obstruction: A tumor or other growth can compress and narrow the trachea, causing difficulty breathing. A stent or surgery is needed to open the trachea and improve breathing.

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